科学

要说我有什么信仰的话,大概可以说我信仰“科学”。这甚至可以说是我的世界观的基石-甚至比世界是物质的还是意识的还要根本吧。

如果用“信仰”这个词的话,有一些人可能会用“科学神教”这样的词来抨击 – 指的不是Scientology这个具体的组织,而是说用一种盲信的态度认为只要是“科学”的就是“正确”的。也有很多各种神的信徒会拿出各种历史上的科学家 – 显然最主要是牛顿 – 的宗教信仰来试图说明科学的尽头是(他们信仰的那种)神。这个话题我也许会在另外的宗教评论里面提到,但是这里我只是想先表明,我信仰的“科学”不是这个意思。

我想说我相信的科学,大概是这样一种世界观:就是这个世界是有规律的。这些规律会是普遍的,不会变化的规律。会有更基本,更本质的规律,从此推演而出更复杂,更具体的规律。而这些规律,是能够由人的观察,总结,推断而判断的。

规律的普遍性

规律为什么普遍?似乎完全是一种废话-如果不能普遍,那它就不能称为规律。这些规律,要在不同的时间,不同的空间,不同的场景都依然成立。在英国会下落的苹果,在中国也会下落,在织女星上也一样会下落。当然,在普遍的语境里面并不会定义得如此严格,于是总会有“规律的例外”,“规律成立的条件”之类的。我认为这样的情况,是人还没有得出正确的规律,完整的规律的原因。那也就来到我们的下一个话题。

规律的关系

有些规律是宽泛的,宏观的,粗略的,而有些规律是细致的,微观的,精确的。人是需要认识到规律的区别和联系的,从而更完整更准确的理解这个世界。比较典型的例子是牛顿运动定律和基于相对论的运动定律,或是量子力学的定律和宏观上的电磁定律之间的关系。有些人会说一种是正确的,一种是错误的,但我认为应该去理解它们之间的关系-有时会有更简单,容易理解的规律,但它背后有深层的本质的规律,但这与理解简单的规律和它的适用的情况并不矛盾。观察需要由浅入深,对规律的理解也一样。这并不是那些规律有“例外”,而是有更深层次的规律还没被联系起来而已。

但我还是希望人能够找到一个,或是一组,世界最本源的规律,而其他的规律都由它们来衍生出来。我也不懂数学,但我想2026年邓煜的菲尔兹奖的成果就是一种这样的工作,将微观的基础的规律和宏观的宽泛的规律联系起来。但是,世界真的有简单的一组基础的规律吗?还是说复杂的世界必然有复杂的规律?这就还要靠人去发现了,但是我还是微薄地希望世界的本质是简单的。

人的观察和理解

如果世界如我所想那样地按照规律去运行,那么自然不管人有没有得到这些规律都不影响它们的客观存在和作用。但是,那样的事情就不是“科学”。在人开始去观察和理解之前,星球就早已按照规律形成和运行,粒子也照样会有相互的作用和演化。但是“科学”,应当是人去观察所有世界的现象,并且去总结,逻辑推演,得出,和理解这些规律的那种“过程”。

信仰科学

这个结论,才是我所谓信仰的部分:这个结论我没有证明,也认为没有方法去证明。它也可以说是等同于我对人的定义,也就是说等同于我自己的公理从而无法证明。这种“科学”的过程,就是信息和物质熵减的过程-铁球掉落,羽毛掉落,日升月落,星辰运转,可以是同一件规律;木柴燃烧,生铁变锈,生物呼吸,也可以是同一种规律; 把看似千变万化的物质和信息的变化,简化为几种规律的描述而已。

当然,既然是无法证明的信仰,我也完全理解人会有选择不同信仰的自由。如果有人说,这些规律能够存在,完全是因为他们所信仰的那个神想要这些规律,我也完全可以接受。但相对地,我不喜欢他人自己信仰的事情就存在矛盾,或是将明显人可以观察和理解的事情作为神的恩赐,这样做的话不如说是在贬低他的神,或者是说人能够代替神的地位了。如果有一位神,先想要地是平的,又想要地是圆的;先想要地是宇宙的中心而其他星辰按照神奇的路线移动,又想要星球之间绕椭圆轨道互相绕行 – 而明明人已经观察到从古至今它们的运行规律从来没有变过,那这样的神岂不是还不如人?

所以回到开头,如果要反驳对这种信仰的反驳的话,我要说我信仰的并不是“现在大众/科学界认同的科学结论”,甚至一定程度上可以说,我信仰的也不是得到科学结论的的方法论。我所认为“科学的事情”,就是世界存在规律,可以被人确认,仅此而已。而相对的,我不能认同那些“这种事是这样的,那种事是那样的”而不去揭示更本质规律的说法,我也不能接受“这只是偶然而已”的解释,我只想对世界上每一种存在,每一种关系,每一种现象,每一种运动,问一句“为什么?”, 和“那,其他事也一样的吗?”。这大概就是我想要的“科学”吧。

人是什么?

我想,区别于一般的存在,人最本质的有两层特性:首先人是一种生物,在此之上人有区别于一般生物的特性,暂且可以称之为“人性”,也有人理解为“灵魂”“智能”“ghost”之类的,都可以看作生物性之上的一种特性。

生物是什么?wiki说,是指任何以“单一实体”运作的有机生命系统,或在自然界中具有生命能表现生命现象(代谢、生长、发育、感应、运动、生殖)的个体。我看来这些还是稍显复杂,而且每项细节也需要进一步的定义。我想尝试更加抽象,用更加基础的概念来总结的话,我认为生物是:一种物质的组合和相互作用的模式,使得它能够利用其他的物质和能量,从而 1)维持自身的物质存在和作用模式 2)产生类似于自身的物质和结构。我想以病毒为例子的话,类似wiki的定义不免会需要扩展或是详细解释“代谢”“感应”“运动”之类的部分,而我认为生物最重要的是所谓的“低熵”:“自然的”物质和能量流动的规律总是产生更高的熵,而生物-虽然不足够判断是不是能降低整个宇宙/环境的熵-能够利用生物体之外的物质和能量保持“低熵”,即一种相对保持固定的物质和能量使用的模式,而同样重要的“生殖”可以被概括为对自己的一种类似的复制(但又可以有一定程度的随机突变)。当然我想这种定义可能会过于广义而包括现在不认为是生物的东西,但是我反而认为对那些例子的讨论更加适合研究生物的本质。例如,如果有一天产生了机器人,可以以完全自身的程序来设立工厂继续生产和自己相同的机器人,那它(或是包括整个生产系统在内的系统)是不是可以称为生物?甚至更加离谱一点,“资本”利用人类的活动不断扩张的模式,是不是也有某种生物性在里面?这里主要是想讨论下面的人性,关于生物性的话题也许只能慢慢展开。

而超越了生物性的人的本质是什么?我认为,或者说我希望,人的本质是认识世界。这里的“认识”,是一种信息意义上的更高一层次的“低熵”:人通过自己的思维,或是人造的工具和手段,对世界的物质和运动等等能够进行一种抽象的总结,从而能够适用于更广泛的情景。相对而言,(我个人的浅见)其他的生物更多地通过物质上的(如遗传物质)和反射式的活动来处理接收到的信息作出反应,而人,大部分的个体都能够独立的进行抽象规律的总结。例如一个角度来说,有人说人的特别之处在于人能够使用工具。人能够使用石头砸开食物,进行攻击等等,但是很多动物也能够使用石头。我想区分这种使用是否是“工具”的一种可能,是人能够从这种使用中总结规律:比如意识到能够这样使用,是因为物质有一种属性为“硬度”,更硬的东西总能砸坏不硬的东西,从而每种物质都可以以相互砸而确定硬度的排序,等等。能够总结这种规律并且稳定持续的使用规律,才是人超越一般的生物性的部分。

现在的人,不可避免地是具有“生物性”和“人性”的混合。人类的进步,我认为应当是生物性逐渐减少,人性逐渐增加的过程。

人所受到的生物性的限制,当然包括食欲,性欲,传播后代等等,显然现在的人类绝大部分的脑力都仍然花费在生物性的部分上。工业革命以来我认为人类已经基本不再被食物的获取所限制,生育和存活也不是很大的问题。我认为目前阶段的一个问题-也是食物和生存并没有在全世界普遍解决的其中一个原因-还是人类对于“自己的后代”“自己的族类”过多关注的缘故。从个体的生物性视角这当然是对的,但是从人类进步的角度,或是仅仅从生物种群的角度,这都没有明显的益处。由于交配的随机性,以及更大的基因突变的随机性,人类个体的后代很难保持前代的优秀性质。从而,即使我暂且认同资本主义的基本逻辑,也不能够理解-为什么人愿意让资本以如此随机的方式,流传给下一代人,只因为“是我生的”?这样甚至无法以最高效的方式增值资本,让任何需要三代人以上努力的事业几乎变得不可能。所以我认为,在国家消失之前,能让人类继续进步的一大改变,应当是社会化的结束亲子关系,让社会运行的效率不会被随机的代际传播左右。

但是如前面文章所提到的,死亡,这一所有生物的共同缺点,将会是阻止人类完全成为低信息熵存在的阻碍。虽然也有可能,人类的生物大脑的能力极限会先一步到达,但我目前来看并没有这样的证据-我看来大多时候人还是在没有完全使用大脑的情况下死了,至少在大脑比较优秀的人里是这样的。于是总有一天,人类总体积累到一个人一辈子也不能学习和突破一个方向的时候,进步就停止了。以我现在的幻想能力,大概只能想到生物改造和机械飞升的两种方向了。人也许应该通过医学和生物学的进步,不仅仅局限于修理病痛和延缓衰老,而是致力于将人类的身体进化成为另一种生物而一定程度摆脱这种限制;或是以机械改造甚至缸中之脑的形式,让人类个体保存最重要的意识的部分,而舍弃掉不需要的生物性部分。在现有的物理定律的理解下,我想这是人类能经历地球不再适合生物生存的情形后仅有的出路。但是如果达到了这种程度而超越了所有生物性,还能够称为人吗?

《基地》系列中,思维的融合也是人的一种进化方向。我想,那种脑电波交流或是超越时空的沟通毕竟还是十分幻想,但这确实是人需要的一个方向,也许还是会从电子化的方式入手。信息的流通,一定能够减少无效的能量和物质的浪费,从而远远提高人类发展的速度。和以上生物后代的讨论类似,让“拥有”信息的门槛降低,不让随机的原因阻止信息的流动,本身就能够让利用信息能力更强的人得到更多,更不用提人之间的合作。以及,万一达到了人脑的极限,那时人之间思维的沟通就更加必要了。

近些年AI的发展也是十分迅速,如果不需要狭义的,生物学意义的人类继续发展的话,由全自动的机器系统延续文明的可能性似乎也存在。不如说,以当今的技术水平和人类社会的发展水平来看,这反而是更可能的:也许仅以现在的技术水平,集全人类之力已经能够打造出能够独立获取能源和物质的系统,涵盖采矿,发电,运输,生产的全部流程自动化的维持自身。但是以目前的情况来看,我对这样的系统能否主动对于宇宙的规律继续进行探索的能力是很有怀疑的。如此的系统能够维持熵平衡的状态,但是不能够以信息熵的继续减少为目的的系统,还能够称为人类的延续吗?AI 到底有没有能力,和“意愿”,进一步的观察世界,总结规律,发展自身,从而继承和超越人?

最后,我想,这种意义的人,应当是永远不会终结的。就算生物学上的人类会灭绝,或是困死在地球或这一小片宇宙中,只要宇宙还没有热寂,一定会有物质和信息熵的流动,从混沌中寻找存在,观察,思考,解答。

囚徒困境,微观博弈到宏观道德

尝试从一个角度,推断功利主义的道德是如何从微观博弈形成为宏观的社会规范的。

也许根源来自于熵增的宇宙规律,即使是作为低熵生物也无法抗拒的原则是-这个世界,“破坏”总比“构建”要容易。毁掉一片麦田比辛苦耕种一年要容易;炸毁一幢房子比建造一幢房子容易;杀死一个人比养育一个人到能为社会贡献的年纪容易;让一个改进城市的议案通不过比通过容易。这种特质让人与人之间的关系非常容易形成一种囚徒困境。

人与人之间的关系可以分类为“合作”与“对抗”,“构建”与“破坏”,“善意”与“恶意”,“生产”与“掠夺”等等。不幸的是,由以上的规律支配,几乎总是会恶意的一方获利多于善意的一方,而双方都进行的破坏造成的损害大于双方合作产生的进步。用简单的数字表示,可能的例子是:双方合作,则各获得+1利益;一方合作一方对抗,则对抗方获得+2利益,合作方获得-3利益;双方都对抗,则双方都获得-2利益。在不能预知对方的选择这种设定下,直白的选择很明显,都会选择对抗:假设对方会合作时,对抗获得+2,合作只获得+1;假设对方会对抗时,对抗获得-2,合作则获得-3.

但按照如此规则运转的社会,将永远不会获得由双方合作带来的总进步:双方合作以外的选项,总收益都是负数。长期这样下去的话,整个社会群体将会不可挽回地滑落。

道德可以作为纠正这种博弈的一种外部手段:它可能通过强制对选择破坏的一方进行更多的惩罚,也可能通过打开信息的黑箱让博弈双方都拥有一定程度的互信。这种机制使得人类社会得以存续下去,没有落入互相争斗的循环。

不幸的是,这种机制在更加宏观的水平上似乎起作用的周期十分漫长。我们已经看到,在文明之间,社会之间的冲突中,有一些社会在掠夺中得利数百年;一些社会依然以个人主义优先,通过欺骗和抢劫得到的财富得到追捧,只要他们有办法“洗白”;偷窃和抢劫被纵容,只为了各种冠冕堂皇的“自由”之类的理由。我无法判断这种现状会持续多久,但我认为按照社会发展的规律,这样的社会终将会结束。

On A Brief History of Intelligence

Intro

I totally echo with the point that life is basically about lowering entropy. A bit surprised at how widely conceived this idea is, I googled it and found one of the earliest writings about it was from Erwin Schrödinger the quantum physicist, who first used the word “negentropy” or negative entropy in his 1944 popular science book what is life to describe the dynamics of life.

However, maybe because there’s a bit of Chauvinism in me, I don’t agree that there’s not a type of intelligence more superior than others. It could be true in the context of surviving in the biosphere, as clearly all current life forms have survived billions of years through evolution; however, both in terms of the essential meaning of life, as well as potential of spreading life across the universe, I think one must measure level of intelligence in terms of information entropy. As of today, only humans have shown the ability to summarize the physical rule of the universe and proving that they apply to far beyond where we live. The author’s examples of octopus’ multitasking, birds’ visual processing, fishes fast reflexes help them win the contest of evolution, but are nothing compared to humans’ use of heat energy, computers, relativity and quantum physics, and more importantly, knowing that there are a set of rules that will be always true, in the air we breathe, in the center of a nuclear bomb, or in the universe lightyears away.

Breakthrough #1

Well written and I learned a lot.

What I didn’t know before and find interesting are adaptation and learning.

It’s interesting to learn that adaptation happens at single neuron level without the need of brain or centralized processing of distributed information. The author might mention it in later sections, this makes me think of the diminishing/ exploding gradient topic in neural net algorithms. The solutions I know of are all based on structure of the network rather than how a single neuron works (although, in a way, one could define a set of nodes and their linkage between them as one neuron).

Learning – here defined as the most basic form, the “strength” of the connections between neurons – also happens at a lot lower level than I considered before. This, to me, is more easily compared with neural network as the “weight” value “learned” by the network.

Breakthrough #2

One thing I’m interested in but not explained in depth: why would the reinforced learning and measurement of time only capable by vertebrates? These complex functions sounds unlikely to be lying in the spines, but would come from the complexity of the brains. What part/mechanism of the brain makes this possible?

Does current computer vision/ convolutional neural nets work in the same way as human vision? I think the pattern/ feature recognition makes sense, however, in the human 3d object example, I believe humans – and probably vertebrates in general – are able to ‘reconstruct’ or ‘imagine’ objects in a 3 dimensional world even when it’s just a 2D picture (or essentially the imaging in our retina would be 2D anyway). There must be certain structure of the brain that naturally interpret things with volume/ depth/ distance. Would computer vision today do that? I suspect probably not otherwise there won’t be a discussion of whether radars are needed to determine distance in self driving cars. Using wording from breakthrough #3, these systems likely still lacks ‘world model’ understanding the observations are projections of a 3D world, those objects, and ‘self’ are 3D objects moving in the world with a certain range of rules.

Breakthrough #3

It is amazing learning about the linkage between the mechanism of neocortical column and neural net models of recognition-generation structure. Before reading this section I was thinking of this kind of model more as a ‘dimensionality reduction’ technique through math tricks. This structure really explains how this type of unsupervised model can work and evolve. The fact that the neocortical columns all have same structure but will have different functions also seem to explain why these types of neural net models can succeed in many seemingly different tasks from computer vision to voice recognition to large language model, as well as explains why these models benefit so much from just scaling.

Breakthrough #4

Socializing is a key part of this breakthrough. I think this section gives a very nice perspective that explains the differences between animals that exhibit ‘social’ behaviors, that is by whether individuals would mentalize what other individuals would do, or to ‘put myself in your shoes’. Ants, bees, herds of fish are able to form large colonies and can be capable of working together in complicated tasks. However, with their simple brains and what we know about their brains so far, I would tend to think these behaviors are more ‘mechanial’ or ‘reflective’ that is selected through evolution. One ant would just follow the smell or hormone stimulations that leads to it moving food to its home, rather than being able to think ‘the ant queen would reward me this if I complete this task, and having food in home will be good to small ants that are still growing’.

Breakthrough #5

Although I did not think language is a key component of a higher level of intelligence, I do have some doubts in the current large language models and the book has one angle to explain it. The large language models were directly trained on and applied to language which itself is already a product of high intelligence, rather than being built on the foundation of language – representation of the world, represenation of the rules of the world, representations of thoughts and thoughts of others. It’s both the ‘world model’ problem as well as the foundation of language. This way, no matter how good they are at simulating the appearance of language, I always feel there’s something missing.

Breakthrough #6

I have thought about ways that humans may be able to persist to a time period much longer than the biosphere (which I might write about in other posts). However the author in this section raises a more viable path to extend the existence of intelligence – by man made AI. This indeed seems like a much more likely path given current technologies. Actually I believe, even with the technology today, human should be able to create robot factories that can reproduce themselves, with automated solar or nuclear energy, mining, robot building, and will be able to sustain the system longer than human history if humans ourselves do not destroy them. All the components should be readily available today, it just needs putting the system together, and of course, a reason for us humans to do it. I have little doubt that if humans are facing some type of bio crisis and will all have to work together to find a way out for mankind, we should be able to build this system in a few years, far more easily than sending a colony to Mars and sustain there. However as far as I know, the current AI progress lacks the “learning” ability, therefore not able to explore deeper physics rules, not able to send themselves into the universe to avoid the end of the earth, or ultimately, not able to further reduce the information entropy of itself and the world around it. If that becomes the end of human kind, I would be disappointed as it’s not much more than extinction.

死亡 death

从很小的时候我就非常害怕死亡。小学的时候就经常因为想到死亡的事在夜里跑到父母的房间里去寻求安慰。大概初中以来开始关于这个话题想得更多,有时就在上课时望着窗外,心里想着自己死后的久远的时间。有时在深夜独自睡不着,为将会失去所有的过去心悸到发抖。我想在这里写下关于死亡的一切思考。

死亡的恐惧

虽然不太符合我的人设,但我还是打算从感性的角度而不是理性的角度开始说起,毕竟这是我开始考虑这个问题的开端。

我对死亡的恐惧,第一层是害怕自己思维的停止。我非常喜欢思考,把自己的记忆和逻辑仔细重复的梳理,有沉浸于回忆里的感动也有思辨的快感。所以我非常害怕总有一天我将必须停止这些思考。我无法想象有一天‘我’的本质不复存在,我曾见到听到闻到触摸到的东西将不再有证据,我将世界联系起来的逻辑归于混沌。曾经杂志上看到王晋康的科幻小说《决战美杜莎》,抛除他设想的实现方法,我觉得我甚至可以接受这样一种形式的永生:我可以不再拥有物理形体,不再有对外界的感知和影响的能力,只保留着我自己的记忆和思考。我可能不愿意保持这个状态数亿年,但是我想我会很高兴这样至少延长数百年,只靠翻找自己的回忆和思考就足够支持我很漫长的时光。

第二层是害怕失去和我有关系的人。如果我死了,我将不能看到我的家人,我的爱人,将来会怎样的生活;我将不能看到我的学校,我的家乡,将来会不会发展的更好;我将不能看到世界上互相争斗的人,能不能有一天回归和平。我不想停止这些观察,以及和前一层一样,我不想有一天停止对这些事物的总结和比较,看看他们和我的逻辑是不是一样?相对来讲,我不是很在意这些人在我死后会不会想起我,或是我给他们留下了什么。

最后一层,我想是死亡会阻止我成为,或是观察到,作为‘人’的最终意义-对宇宙的理解。我想要知道,宇宙的规律是不是能够被理解的?有没有理论将解释宏观到微观的一切关系?宇宙的起源是什么,又将如何终结?时间到底是什么?我想要理解世界,我想要‘人’理解这个世界,但是死亡的存在将阻止这一切。甚至都不只是我个体的死亡-以目前人类这个样子,最大的可能是远远在地球不适宜生存以前,人类和文明就已经结束了。我也将无法得知,到底有没有某种有思维的存在,能够理解这个宇宙了。

死亡是什么

死亡是什么,从古至今应该有许多理论讨论过,我直到近年才相对系统的了解到SEP-death。但是在这以前我已经有过很多的想法,对我来说简单的定义便是‘活着的意义’的相反词。但是如同活着的意义的难以定义一样,我至今也没有一种确信的,符合所有我的观察和逻辑的-同时还能够稍微的感情上接受的-一种定义。

我最‘悲观’的一种定义,是人的活着和死亡和其他生物,甚至任何其他物质一样,是‘机械的’或者说很纯粹的唯物的。当然我愿意相信由于量子力学的相关结论,宇宙并不是确定性的,但是我这里是想形容为,人的出现,生存,死亡,都是由最基本的粒子和物理规律产生的一种现象而已。这些粒子结合,相互作用,又由某种熵增/因果律/时间的单向性不可避免的重新组合。它们的某种组合和作用关系让我认为我有了能称为思维的某种体验,而它们的另一种作用关系,让我不再维持生命活动,不再有某种电信号让我思考,但也仅此而已了。我自己,人类,生命,星球,任何有规律或是无规律的物质组成,都在本质上没有任何区别,只是这个宇宙产生的定律中的一种随机波动而已。我认为这种定义很有可能最接近‘真实’,但也从此否定了人活着的意义。人只是随机的产生,由某种定律驱使着自以为按照自己的意志生存,也由同样的定律消失。我从‘合理性’的感情角度,并不能完全接受这样的定义。

而最“乐观”的一种定义则是另一种“唯心”的极端。我想它可以形容为一种终极的强人择原理:如果这个宇宙恰好到能让人类出现并观察它,也许我作为观察者的宇宙也恰好到让我能够持续观察它。也许我歪曲一位知乎答主的一种观点(他本意是说对死亡的恐惧一定程度上是一种社会意识建构的产物,而不是一种自然的真理)毕竟,我们只是看到其他人死亡,看到其他人的恐惧,而因此推断自己会死,从而恐惧而已。没有证据证明我一定会死!倘若把这种观点包装成一种信仰,至少比世界上目前流行的信仰可信度说不定还更高一些。但同理,与我对大多信仰的态度一样,我很难对一种不可证伪的结论进行无条件的相信,从而我认为这一种定义也有缺陷。

就如我对大多数话题的看法一样,我还是总喜欢一种折中的态度。也许死亡是两者之间的一种状态:我既存在于这个世界的物理规则之中,又有我独立的观察,思考,行动的能力;我的观察赋予了这个宇宙意义,但也会和无数宇宙一样最终归于湮灭。但我所留下的存在的痕迹,思考的方式,也许会通过人,或是其他的什么,留给与我的宇宙重叠的下一个宇宙,这便是我想留下这些文字的意义吧。

死亡之后

在我会终将死亡的可能性里,难免要考虑死之后的事情。既然不论如何解释,死亡之后都不再能对这个世界产生影响,说起来我是很少以一种“安排后事”的角度来想死亡之后的事情的。我没有一点想要捐献给谁或是继承给谁财产之类的想法-不是“想要不给”而是“没想过给”的感觉。我最在意的大概还是这个世界会怎样想起我,怎样留下我思考的方式吧。

I have been extremely afraid of death since I was very little. As a boy I would cry at night and run to my parents’ room at the fear of death. In middle school I started thinking more deeply about the issue and would stare at the sky thinking about what happens to the universe after I die. I would often wake at night, heart pounding and body shaking when thinking about losing everything I have experienced. What is death? I would like to start with sharing on this topic.

My fear of death

I would like to start with emotional perspective for my perception of death.

The first layer is the fear of stopping thinking. I think the nature of human is observing, thinking, and practice, and I particularly enjoy the thinking. I would often reflect on my memory, thinking about what I have seen and replaying them, and connecting the things and theories behind them. I am afraid death would stop me from doing that. I sometimes feel if I had the choice, I would give up anything in this material world in exchange for a chance to continue to exist in a ‘spiritual’ form that is able to preserve my memory and think about it, even not permanently but only for a few hundred years I would not be bored. Even better if I could continue to observe this world. However death will make this impossible, thus my first layer of fear comes from this feeling of helplessness.

The second layer comes from my care for the people I care about. I am deeply interested in seeing how people continue to live: how my friends and family will live their lives; what my hometown and country will become; whether the world will be in peace and people’s work get what they deserve. I would love to see whether there is a logic way to explain how people live, or maybe a simple word is just history. I don’t care about (materially) what I leave to them just as I am nothing in history, but I get depressed at the idea that I won’t be able to observe history.

The final layer for my fear of death is it stops me from fulfilling the meaning of humans, or even confirming the meaning of humans. Is our understanding of the universe correct? What is the origin and what will be the end of the universe? Is there a rule of the universe and is it even understandable? What is time? It is my desire to observe and understand this, I want “human”- likely not even in current form- to understand it, but my death, as well as death for all humans, will stop this and leave the universe to a state of chaos. It’s my desire of ‘order’, it’s my desire of simplicity, it’s my desire of minimizing the entropy.

What is death?

About the definition of death there has been extensive discussions from philosophers. I only recently learned about Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and think it has a very systematic summary. But I have had a lot of theories before I read about it. I simply define death as the opposite to living. However, as the meaning of life is hard to define, this is not well defined either, and I have been struggling to find a theory that is logical, and supported by observation of the world, as well as can be accepted by my mind.

My own most pessimistic definition of death, (or of life of human), is that the process is no difference from other living or even non living things. The process is purely mechanical and material. It doesn’t mean it has to be deterministic due to all sources of randomness such as from quantum mechanics. It just means that humans are still purely dominated by the rules of physics, where particles just interact with each other following the most basic laws of the universe. By chance they form into molecules of life and form my body, as well as the electric signals making me think that I am able to think. And one day, still simply following the laws of physics, these particles may disassemble, may stop producing the electric signals, and I no longer ‘think’ of anything. Sand, human, suns, everything in this universe that are in order or in chaos, they’re all the same, generated from random fluctuations of the evolution of these most basic particles. I would suppose this is most likely the truth of life and death, but is hard to accept it from my heart as it denies all meanings of life.

The most optimistic theory I have on the other hand, is what I call the ultimate (generalized) anthropic principle. If the universe we live in is like this just because we as observers could observe it, why not generalize that to just myself: if there are chances I don’t die, then the universe I live in must not let me die as I will be the only observer of my own universe. Actually, nobody has ever seen themselves die. There is no actual proof that I myself must die in the end. This theory might even be more convincing than the popular religions. However, similar to all thee religions, this theory as a non falsifiable one, does not prove itself right.